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Breathing signs are available in different tastes: commas (default), ticks, vees and railroad tracks (caesura).

In order to make parts of a crescendo hairpin invisible, the following method is used: A white rectangle is drawn on top of the respective part of the crescendo hairpin, making it invisible. The rectangle is defined as postscript code within a text markup.

The markup command with-dimensions tells LilyPond to consider only the bottom edge of the rectangle when spacing it against the hairpin. The property staff-padding prevents the rectangle from fitting between the hairpin and staff.

Make sure the hairpin is in a lower layer than the text markup to draw the rectangle over the hairpin.

If you have a tempo change like a ritenuto or accelerando over a system and a page turn, the text on the next page is in parenthesis.

An added level of difficulty is understanding the order of the text in a broken TextSpanner in relation to the code.

Furthermore, a null value, or string with a space (" ") added to the 2nd text right-broken.text overwrites its default value right.text.

And this is especially more common and probable in scores with fewer systems per page, e.g. orchestral scores, music for band.

See Gould, Behind Bars: "Indicating continuing tempo change", page 185.

A caesura is sometimes denoted by a double railtracks breath mark with a fermata sign positioned above. This snippet shows an optically pleasing combination of railtracks and fermata.

When a lot of verses have the same text, but with difference punctuation, e.g. because some verses are in quotation marks, it looks awkward because the text doesn't line up vertically. Even when there is only a single verse, it can look awkward to have the punctuation be included in the width of the syllable when centering it beneath the note. Settings for 'self-alignment-X and lyricMelismaAlignment are respected.

It looks much nicer to center the text of the syllable and then put the punctuation around it.

This example provides a function to typeset a hairpin (de)crescendo with some additional text below it, such as molto or poco. The added text will change the direction according to the direction of the hairpin. The Hairpin is aligned to DynamicText.

The example also illustrates how to modify the way an object is normally printed, using some Scheme code.

Scores of large ensemble works often have bar numbers placed beneath the system, centered horizontally on the measure's extent. This snippet shows how the Measure_counter_engraver may be used to simulate this notational practice. Here, the engraver has been added to a Dynamics context.

This snippet presents a legacy method: starting from LilyPond 2.23.3, \set Score.centerBarNumbers = ##t is enough.

If you want to re-position a stencil so that it is centered relative to another stencil, on the X axis, the Y axis, or both, you can use the "center-stencil-on-stencil" function from this snippet.

For technical reasons, text scripts attached to note heads cannot easily be centered on a note head's width, unlike articulations.

Instead of using trial-and-error offset tweaks, this snippet uses a Scheme engraver to reset the horizontal parent of each markup to a NoteColumn. This also allows text to follow note heads which have been shifted via force-hshift.

To make the \flageolet circle smaller use the following tweak.

As of 2.23.12 the \flageolet is smaller by default, thus this snippet will be deleted with next LSR upgrade.